Stacked Modifiers in Grammar

In English grammar, stacking refers to the piling up of modifiers before a noun. Also called  stacked modifiers, jammed modifiers, long adjectival phrase, and brick sentence. Because clarity may be sacrificed for conciseness (as in the first example below), stacked modifiers are often considered a stylistic fault, especially in technical writing. But when used deliberately to create the effect of being overwhelmed (as in the second example), stacking can be an effective technique. Examples and Observations Ineffective:The board also gave third reading to a Foothills Boulevard Landfill gas emission reduction credits transfer contract authorization bylaw.(from the Prince George Citizen [British Columbia], quoted by The New Yorker, June 27, 2011)Effective:If youre unfamiliar with the joy of Mà ©nià ¨res (and I hope you are), imagine a floor-warping, ceiling-spinning, brain-churning, think-youre-gonna-die-and-afraid-you-might-not hangover and multiply that times the aftermath of a power outage at the all-you-can-eat Chinese buffet. Thats Mà ©nià ¨res.(Kristin Chenoweth, A Little Bit Wicked: Life, Love, and Faith in Stages. Touchstone, 2009) Varieties of Stacked Phrases Stacked phrases range all the way from supposedly simple combinations like the then district attorney to complex combinations like the Halloween-night multiple-gunshot killing of a 30-year-old woman. The then district attorney is presumably a person who was district attorney at that time, and the murder must have occurred on Halloween night when someone shot a 30-year-old woman several times. Newswriters who adopt this technique sacrifice clarity and may not save time. . . . Concise prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses are usually more neutral.(R.K. Ravindran, Handbook of Radio, TV and Broadcast Journalism. Anmol, 2007) Using Short Words to Break up Word Strings Nouns can legitimately modify other nouns but long strings of modifiers (nouns, or nouns and adjectives) are often difficult to understand. Non-specialists may find phrases such as: a steroid-induced GABA channel burst duration prolongation completely impenetrable. Insert verbs or prepositions between groups of three (or at most four) nouns, or nouns plus adjectives, as in: a steroid-induced prolongation of the burst duration of GABA-activated channels. In sentences with too many abstract nouns, of and the may be redundant . . . but in word strings, you may need to insert these short words to make your writing clearer and more precise.(Maeve OConnor, Writing Successfully in Science. E FN Spon, 1991) Unstacking for Clarity Stacked modifiers are strings of modifiers preceding nouns that make writing unclear and difficult to read. Your staffing-level authorization reassessment plan should result in a major improvement. The noun plan is preceded by three long modifiers, a string that forces the reader to slow down to interpret its meaning. Stacked modifiers are often the result of an overuse of buzzwords or jargon. See how breaking up the stacked modifiers makes the example easier to read: Your plan for reassessing the staffing-level authorizations should result in a major improvement. (Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, Handbook of Technical Writing. Bedford/St. Martins, 2006) Warning Be careful of stacked modifiers (adjectives and adverbs). . . . Be especially careful of cases in which the first descriptor could modify either the second descriptor or the noun. For example, what exactly is a buried cable engineer? (And how does one breathe?)(Edmond H. Weiss, 100 Writing Remedies. Greenwood, 1990)

Baseball Is A Difficult Sport For Play All Around

Jonah Burks Miss Roth English 1-2 21 March 2017 Baseball Success Baseball is a difficult sport to play all around. Not that all sports are easy but baseball has it’s own unique difficulties. For one the process to get to the major leagues is a long difficult road. A lot of different things can affect your success. There are a few factors that cause a player to make it far in this career. The three different factors that cause baseball players make it to the MLB include, hard work and determination, physical strength and natural skill as well as, making it to and playing well in the minor leagues The first reason baseball players make it to the MLB is hard work and determination. Hard work tops everything else. If a player is not that†¦show more content†¦When athletes play baseball their body needs to be in top physical condition. According to the article on bleacher report.com, â€Å"Last offseason, Bryce Harper would wake up at 4:50 a.m. four times a week and would be lifting weights by 5:30 a.m., according to James Wagner of The Washington Post. The left fielder s workouts would run between 90 minutes and two hours, and there was no time to rest in between sets† (Buscheck n.p.) This article shows just how much strength matters. If Bryce Harper, a major league player thinks that he should be working out and getting stronger, then someone who has not made it to the highest level yet should be working just as hard or harder to become stronger. Players also need to be fast if they want to play in the major leagues. Speed is extremely important when it comes to running the bases or going for a ball in the field. The average times for players in the major leagues, according to this article, for the sixty yard run are: â€Å"6.89 seconds for outfielders, 6.97 seconds for infield, and 7.09 seconds for catchers. 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Baseball is one of America’s most popular sports, and it would not be called America’s Pastime if it wasn’t. The rules of baseball might be simple to grasp, but the game in itself is very difficult. Baseball has history that cannot be forgotten

Procurement Outsourcing Strategies Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Procurement Outsourcing Strategies Management? Answer: Introducation Based on the facts coming up from the analysis of functionality of Wonderful Widgets, the best procurement strategy that would be aligned with the needs of the company is Minimising Total Landing Cost. The component is a functional product, and it is evident that profit impact and supply risk are low. The company can, therefore, be assisted in bringing about a reduction in the overall operational costs. Wonderful widgets can be best served if outsourcing is done and this strategy is used. The company has the ability to produce the component in an internal process. However, this might add to the operational costs as a result of variable and fixed costs related to production. Since the company does not consider a competitive advantage, the value placed on the component and clockspeed, the idea of outsourcing through this methods would be justified. According to Gollenia, the recent years have witnessed markets becoming highly global in nature. Increased competition among the companies has been a driving force behind companies coming up with efficient and cost-effective supply chain strategies and production methods. Using the procurement strategies, companies can solve a number of tactical, strategic and operational issues. For finding the lowest total landed cost, Wonderful Widgets needs to consider strategies for thining the supply chain as an array of discrete functions. The goal would be to reduce the cost of that as a whole. The approach would be out-of-the-box. Implementation Once the strategic approach is conceived for lowring the total landed cost; the next step would be to model it. This can be done with the help of spreadsheets, which are cumbersome. Modelling software is usually expensive, and the learning curve is steep. Therefore outsourcing the model development would be a good idea. An expert in supply chain design and operations would be useful. It would be advantageous not to model a pre-conceived solution and then wait for the results. Comparing outsourcing sources between different countries, or parts of the same country is imperative. This would test and quantify the trade-offs between a shorter chain that is less inventory but having higher unit costs, and a longer chain that is more inventory but having lesser unit costs. The models quality would depend on the quality and quantity of the data. Models can also be time-dependent; so this factor needs to be considered. With a proper model at disposal, and a focus on total landed cost reductio n, the supply chain would surely witness a significant change. The challenging aspect of the scenario completed is the shortage of time needed for bringing about the required change. It had been decided upon that the change in outsourcing practice had to be brought about within the quarter of the year as evaluation would be done on a quarterly basis. Strategic alliances have a significant impact on procurement outsourcing strategies. There are a number of advantages gained by the company considering outsourcing in relation to the economy. The first advantage is economies of scale (EOS). Orders allow suppliers, with whom strategic alliance has been made, to take advantages of EOS and consequently reduce manufacturing costs. Reduced capital investment and focus on core competencies are the other positive impact. Lastly, increased flexibility is a feature of alliances that can be formed with different companies as desirable (Erasmus et al.). References Erasmus, Barney, Johan Wilhelm Strydom, and Sharon Rudansky-Kloppers.Introduction to business management. Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 2016. Gollenia, Lars Alexander.Business transformation management methodology. Routledge, 2016.

Motivation and Teamwork in an Organisation Ritz free essay sample

Introduction Motivation is a factor that enables an individual to pursue towards achieving his goals or aims. Motivation is required for every individual to be driven towards acquiring his needs. In organizations the motivational factor plays a very important role in driving people towards fulfilling the assigned task and developing oneself to gain more knowledge and enhance skills. Motivation is a necessity of an employ and the requirement of the employee, it is more or less a give and take relation between manager and his sub-ordinates, for example, the manager assigns an employ to fulfill an important task this way he is delegating higher responsibility to the employ. In order to complete that task the employ goes out of his way to achieve the temporary goal during this course of effect he gains several other skills. In the given example simultaneously two things are occurring, the development of the employ and motivation of the employ, which is attained by the satisfaction that the employ was considered worthy enough to fulfill such an important task, thus driving him to work harder and achieve skills which will eventually develop him as an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Teamwork in an Organisation Ritz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Team work is the effort that two or more individuals put in to an action to achieve a common goal. In organizations people come from various walks of life, they work together in order to fulfill their personal goals but these personal goals can only be achieved if the organization is doing well. In order to accomplish the goals of the company these individuals of the organizations need to work together and come up with efficient ways to accomplish the completion of their work. It’s a general fact that every team needs to be guided by a leader; in this scenario a leader should have several traits and abilities. One of the important ability of a leader should be to motivate his team members and keep them energized at all times. 2. 1 Ritz Calrton Ritz Carlton is one amongst the oldest five star hotel chains around the globe. They are situated all over the globe. Their services have been recognized at almost all occasions that could possibly relate to the hospitality industry. It is standing tall by receiving the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. The Carlton company Maintains its firm ground by following their age old footprints. Since Carlton existed for a very long time, through the years they have learnt a lot and the basic necessities for running a hospitality setting has been put together to form their gold standards. Their gold standards fall into several steps which are as follows: The credo, motto, three steps of service, service value and The Employee promise. The Gold standards are the base line for their every day workouts that they conduct throughout the world. The Carlton Understands clearly that their service that is provided by them to the customers is their core competency, well aware of the fact that the company employees are the people who can deliver the best and the worst hence they convey their values clearly straight from top to bottom of the hierarchy. The credo The main aim of the Carlton is to create an ambiance for the guests where they feel cared about and are paid attention to. The Carlton promises to serve their customers with the most comfortable stay with them and unquestionable services along with lavish and never forgetting experience. The concentration over the preferences of the customers has been so much that the guests will desire to be at Carlton at every possible occasion that they receive. This shows Carlton’s immense contribution towards providing the best services to their guests and also making stringent efforts to retain them as well. The Motto The motto of the company explains the main mission of the company. The Ritz Motto says â€Å"we are ladies and gentlemen serving Ladies and gentle men† this clearly shows that the company pays absolute respect and is very humble to their guests. Not alone the guests but it clearly shows how it equally values its employs. This equality and respect that is given to the employs makes the employ work with a free mind and motivates them to work together as a team to provide the stated atmosphere for its guests. Three steps of service These are the steps that the people at Carlton consider first and foremost. The steps include greeting and bidding farewell to their guests with full respect and making sure that they have a good stay with Carlton. Service Values The Service values explain a lot about how the employs at Carlton conduct themselves and present themselves to stand firmly considering themselves as Carlton. Among the long list of Values that the company follows some of them are: Building strong relations with their visitors and making sure they are retained for as long as it’s possible. Providing best services for the customers, which are cherished by the visitors not as service but as memories. Every individual in the company is aware of his responsibility, and knows what commitments he needs to fulfill in order to achieve the key success factors. The workers at Ritz are given every chance to develop and grow their skills and talent. The Ritz staff and management are proud of what they dress like and present themselves with dignity. One of the most important Values that Carlton carries is as quoted â€Å"I create a work environment of teamwork and lateral service so that the needs of our guests and each other are met. The intense hard work and dedication of the employs towards their guest can be achieved only if they are willing to do so, this willingness will only generate if they are motivated enough and their work environment helps them in flourishing while doing so. The Employee Promise The employee promise states how important their staff is to them. There are various things that Ritz considers important to do for their employs in order to satisfy them and keep them m otivated towards their work. First and foremost they treat their employs with complete respect, this was observed in their motto as well. Secondly, principles such as trust, integrity and commitment are applied. The Ritz believes in feeding their employs with knowledge and opportunity to learn so that their talent can increase and help them prosper individually as well as help the organization to prosper using the talent. Social Responsibility Ritz Carlton not only exists as a company but its presence is also felt in its social environment. It does take good care of its guests and employs but pays attention to its social environment also. The company is guided by principles such as Engage, Contribute and Inspire. It considers the well fare of its community by motivating its employs to give back to the community. This shows us that the employs are satisfied with the kind of attention and care they get from the company only then the employs would come together towards carrying out such campaigns out of their work schedule. 2. 2 Hilton Hilton saves the third place on the world hotel group ranking (MKG Group, 2010). Hilton Group believes in welcoming its guests and making their stay with them an exceptional experience. They aim to serve their guests, team members, and owners alike. The treatment that they give to the three main sectors of their company is remarkable. They contain 10 brands and 3750 hotels operating under them. The company has half a million staff members around the globe, still communicating and transferring their thoughts and vision to everyone setting a common mind set. The president and CEO Mr. Nassetta of Hilton emphasizes that he and his team collectively bring 120 years of experience to the brand. This and several other instances prove that he places his team along with him crediting all equally for the success of the brand. He claims to have a good communication system with all his employs even overseas. He believes in staying in close touch with his employs and appreciating efforts makes the employs reflect the kind of expected humble behavior in the companies’ services. Vision The Vision of Hilton is â€Å"to fill the earth with the light and warmth of hospitality†. The vision of the company enlightens their concern over the hospitality. They emphasize more on the service content of their organization. Hilton being at the top has proved throughout the year that they can adapt to the changing needs of the customer preferences. Mision The company’s mission focuses on being the most respected and dignified hospitality service. The desire to be the first choice of all customers has driven them to the success that they have achieved today. Team members and owners have been treated alike and given equal importance for them to dwell. The preference that team members get makes them feel important and helps them to motivate themselves in order to prosper. Values The Hilton has their set of values just like Ritz does. They have derived their values out of their name where every alphabet in their name stands for a value that they are concerned about. The values show how they categorize their priority. Hospitality Hilton immensely takes care of their guests needs and tries to predict them rather than wait for them to request for a necessity to be fulfilled. Keeping a track of their customer needs and meeting with their requirements help Hilton to satisfy their self esteem and creating visitors stay into an experience. Integrity The company believes in doing everything right and conducting themselves with the right approach towards taking the correct decision. Leadership The company contains a mindset that it considers itself as a leader in the hospitality industry and also works towards leading in the community. They maintain their leader attitude to keep the team working along with it towards its goals and motives. Teamwork The company drives themselves to work as a team and achieving all their goals as a team. Ownership The company feeds its team with a sense of responsibility by giving every individual the ownership of their actions and deeds. Now The company values the urgency and need of their guests with full discipline. Ritz Carlton and employee interaction Ritz Carlton believes that every individual in its organization has a lot to give to the company so it takes care of its employs to satisfy their needs and keep them motivated. They indulge in securing their rights and seek respectful returns from the employs in the form of dedication. The Ritz has been elected as the most prominent employer in Asia several times (Arthur Yeung). As reported by Mark DeCocinis, their efforts have been varying along the time once they received a positive reaction they maintained their consistency leading them to keep a steady pace in receiving positive feedback from their guests. The people in the organization serving the company are the most important priority of the management. They tend to keep their promise to their employees and making sure that their actions are keeping uo with those promises on a daily basis. The company keeps in mind that trusting the employs can help them develop as an individual. Company tries to provide the employs with a happy working environment and maintains this every day. From the initial selection process of the company the employs are fed with the companies work culture enabling them to understand the philosophy of the company. The previously mentioned values of Ritz Carlton are explained to the new employs by different levels of the company from HR to MD. The company emphasizes on motivating their employs, one of the main steps that they conduct are the thirty day training program, the employs are assisted by a certified trainer. The company believes in developing their staff and helping them grow helps them to maintain the motivating factor throughout the tenure of an employ with Ritz Carlton.

Self-Published is not a Dirty Word

Self-Published is not a Dirty Word Self-Published is not a Dirty Word Self-Published is not a Dirty Word By Maeve Maddox In the old days, publishing companies that catered to writers who were willing to pay to have their books printed were called Vanity Presses. Family historians aside, writers who paid to publish were assumed to have failed in selling their work to a real publisher because it wasnt good enough, but they were determined to see their words in print anyway; hence the word vanity. This perception has changed along with the publishing industry. Diversity suffered when the little houses were gobbled up by the big ones. Todays conglomerates are unwilling to buy a book unless they feel it will generate a huge readership. As a result, many books that would appeal to a significant number of readers are rejected because the house doesnt think theyll appeal to a large enough audience. William P. Youngs book is a case in point. Youngs novel The Shack has been on the NY Times best seller list since June. He wrote the book as a Christmas gift for his family. They passed it around and friends urged him to publish it. One of the friends, Brad Cummings, says that Christian publishers turned it down because it was too edgy, and secular publishers turned it down because it was too Jesus-y. The book didnt fit publishers guidelines, but it has certainly hit the spot with readers. Sales of The Shack have passed the million mark and show no sign of abating. Books that sell a million copies, no matter who publishes them, are rare. According to one estimate, a major publisher considers a book a success if it sells 20,000 copies, whereas a smaller publisher might be happy with sales of 7,500 copies. Writers who make the decision to self-publish need to know what theyre getting into. Theyll have to be managers and marketers as well as writers. Theyll have to watch out for publishing scams that prey on the inexperienced. Self-publishing isnt for everyone, but it is valid way to get your book into circulation. At the least, an energetic marketer can expect to cover expenses and earn a modest profit. And theres always the possibility that the book may grab the attention of a larger public. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"List of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsRite, Write, Right, Wright

How to write brand names - Emphasis

How to write brand names How to write brand names Brand identity is important to business, and having a brand name with impact is a big part of that. But when the name breaks the standard rules of English in its efforts to achieve that, it can present writers with a challenge. In many cases, the company itself will take a pragmatic approach. For example, Twitter spells its name with a lower-case t in its logo, but upper case in text. We do the same at Emphasis. But what do you do if the company consistently describes itself in non-standard English? Take insurance companies MORE THN and LV=, retail consultancy him! or the supermarket ASDA, for example. If you’re writing about ASDA and you need to refer to ASDA several times in a paragraph, the block capitals in the word ASDA can soon appear to shout at the reader and drown out the rest of the text on the page (like they do here). So should you prioritise the brand’s preferences or the readability of your documents? You need a house style If you don’t already have a house style and you’re starting from scratch, there are two broad approaches you can take. 1. Write the brand name exactly as the company does. You may wish to do this if the company is a client or partner, or if they have expressed a strong preference for the format of their name and you don’t want to upset them. Also, as rules go, it’s certainly the simplest to follow. 2. Bring the brand name in line with standard English. If your priority is literacy and ease of reading, or if you found yourself wincing at the third paragraph of this article, you may wish to take this approach. It’s OK to make small changes to the format of the brand name, so long as it is still clearly recognisable. If you decide to go with the second option, the rest of this article will take you through the areas you’ll need to consider. This may also be helpful if you already have a house style but it doesn’t tell you how to deal with the brand names mentioned above. In each case, we’ve made a recommendation, but it is only that – you may decide differently. Punctuation marks Some brand names, such as Yahoo! Which? and him! include a punctuation mark, which can be problematic – and not only because Word automatically capitalises the following word, thinking that you must be starting a new sentence. For a start, exclamation marks are generally frowned upon in formal writing, even when used correctly. So ending a sentence with ‘according to Yahoo!.’ looks doubly strange when combined with the extra punctuation. And an exclamation mark in the middle of a sentence, such as ‘Yahoo! has filed applications for two patents’, can feel disruptive. Many publications (the Guardian, the Sunday Times, the BBC) choose to omit the exclamation mark and simply write Yahoo. Others (the Times, the Telegraph) choose to retain it. Verdict: Yahoo – it’s still instantly recognisable. Even more difficult is him!, with its lower-cased h, which can leave writers wrangling with sentences such as: ‘The price-marked pack has been a source of confusion within the industry, according to him!.’ (Who is   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhim’?, asks the reader.) For clarity, it’s necessary to add ‘retail consultancy’ before ‘him!’, but even then you’re still left with the awkward punctuation. him! told us that their brand name should always be written with the exclamation mark, and ‘always be lower case even at the start of a sentence’ (like this sentence, for example, which we wrote in agony). However, they admitted that many publications refused to follow these guidelines. Verdict: Him – him! is too confusing. The consumer magazine Which? throws up similar questions. In fact, it sometimes throws up extra questions where you don’t want them. ‘This research was compiled by Which?’, or ‘Which one performed best in the Which? test lab?’, for example. Which? told us:   Ã¢â‚¬ËœOur policy is to always include the question mark. We haven’t produced any guidance for the press, instead relying on our own presentational material to set the example.   We would encourage anyone who’s tempted to end a sentence with the word Which? to rewrite their sentence. Strange though the question mark may be, lopping it off also causes problems.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœThis research was compiled by   Which’ and ‘Which one performed best in the   Which test lab?’ could be confusing, especially if your style is to write the names of publications without using italics. Verdict: Which? – the question mark is vital to understanding the brand name. Non-alphabet characters There are certain non-alphabetical characters that don’t trouble the reader at all. For example, Marks Spencer looks more natural than Marks and Spencer, as we are so used to seeing it in the high street and on TV. Even for a non-British readership, the ampersand is so widely used that it’s unlikely to jar. The same can’t be said, however, for MORE THN or LV=, which are unsettling to the eye, not to mention a pain to type. A   MORE THN spokeswoman told us:   Ã¢â‚¬ËœMORE THN   should always be presented in this way and not re-formatted to More Than’,   but we think that’s asking quite a lot. The Guardian’s style guide takes a zero-tolerance approach to   MORE THN, reading simply   Ã¢â‚¬ËœMore Than – not MORE THN, which is how the insurance arm of Royal Sun Alliance styles itself’. When it comes to LV=, however, most publications retain the   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœequals’   sign, because the company name is pronounced    ‘   LV equals’   (whereas the in   MORE THN is, thankfully, silent). Verdict: Marks Spencer, More Than, LV=. Stop SHOUTING There is a generally accepted rule for writing acronyms (a set of initials pronounced as a word) and initialisms (a set of initials pronounced as letters). Acronyms are written with the first letter capitalised, for example Unicef and Nasa, while initialisms are capitalised all the way through, for example IBM and BBC. However, some companies would have us write their names all in capital letters, even if they don’t actually stand for anything. For example, ASDA (a portmanteau of Asquith and Dairies), ASUS, GIGABYTE and UNISON, all of which are pronounced as words, not letters. Of course, they like this format because it makes them stand out. But unless you’re writing something with the aim of actively promoting that brand, there’s no reason why the brand name should stand out more than the other words in the document, which are equally important. Verdict: Asda, Asus, Gigabyte and Unison. As a general rule, if you can pronounce it as a word, only capitalise the first letter. If you pronounce every letter, capitalise them all. And then there’s Apple, with their fondness for putting a lower-case i in front of everything. However, iPad, iPod and iMac are now so widely recognised that to replace them with Ipad, Ipod and Imac would be pointlessly awkward. Verdict: iPad, iPod, iMac – but try to avoid putting them at the start of a sentence. When nouns become verbs In 2006, Google tried to stop media organisations using their name as a verb. A spokesman said at the time: ‘We think its important to make the distinction between using the word Google to describe using Google to search the internet, and using the word Google to describe searching the internet. It has some serious trademark issues.’ However, like Hoover before them, Google have largely failed in their mission to prevent their name from being genericised. The use of ‘to google’ as a verb with a lower-cased g has caught on and even entered both the Oxford and Collins dictionaries. Verdict: Google for the noun, google as a verb. But if you use a search engine other than Google, consider using ‘search the internet’ or ‘do an internet search’. Twitter are currently engaged in a smaller battle, over the word ‘tweet’, for which they acquired the trademark in October 2011. Though they have never objected to a lower-case t being used for the verb ‘to tweet’, they do object to the noun being lower cased. Their guidelines state: ‘Please remember to capitalize the T in Twitter and Tweet!’ However, no one except Twitter itself actually does, and this certainly feels like a fight that has already been lost. Verdict: Twitter, but tweet for both the verb and the noun. Trademarks Lastly, make sure you only use a trademarked brand name when you’re referring to something made by that brand. Do you mean Tetra Pak, or just generic cartons? Is it really a Portakabin, or is it a ‘portable cabin-style building’ (see this apology)? And if you do decide to tweak the style to make it more readable, make sure you retain the initial capital letter to signal that youre referring to a brand rather than a generic noun (except, of course, in the case of a certain brand of products beginning with i). The Guardian’s style guide sums it up nicely. ‘Take care: use a generic alternative unless there is a very good reason not to, eg ballpoint pen, not biro (unless it really is a Biro, in which case it takes a cap B); say photocopy rather than Xerox, etc; you will save our lawyers, and those of Portakabin and various other companies, a lot of time and trouble.’ Why not test your trademark awareness by taking our trademarks quiz? There are 12 questions, and in each case you need to decide whether the word is currently trademarked, was once trademarked or has never been trademarked. In conclusion If it’s an easy life you’re after, and you can stomach block capitals and strange punctuation marks, the simplest rule is to go with what the brand itself does. But you’ll still need to decide whether to follow their logo or how they present their name in official documents, such as company reports, because these aren’t always the same (see Twitter, for example). Or, if youre feeling bold, why not make a stand for legibility and carve out a house style of your own? Do you want to inform, inspire and persuade with your business documents? Our 64-page guide to professional writing, The Write Stuff, will help. Get your free copy here.

Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) - Research Paper Example Requirements consist of the applicant of court orders to ban advertising systems and payment services from carrying out business with the offending websites and search engines links to sites, and court orders demanding suppliers on the Internet to disallow accessing sites. The bill would expand the criminal law to consist of the unauthorized transmission of copyrighted material, setting a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment2. The bill has grave implications for the current structure of the Internet in every sense as it allows the Justice Department and the owners of intellectual property, obtain court orders against those sites or services that allow or facilitate the infringement of alleged copyright, including: Block by ISPs to the website or service in question, including hosting, and even DNS level (although this has been a discussion). Facilitate collection companies on the internet (like PayPal) to freeze funds and restrict the use of the service. Block the sites that provi de advertising services. For example, Google Adsense cannot offer web service complained if this law was to be approved. It should remove links to the web or service reported. The bill declares a criminal offense to unauthorized radio broadcast or other distribution of copyrighted content with the punishing of the guilty with the maximum penalty of imprisonment for a term of 5 years. ... Under the bill, any member of a network on the Internet – from service providers, search engines and even the advertisers – in fact, require treatment for any owner to stop providing services to the resource, accused of piracy, and to stop any interaction with them (for example, close the channel, pay for content, suspend the ad contract, to limit the effect of the payment system, delete the site from Google to remove links to the site, completely block a site to visit, to prohibit the payment systems (such as PayPal, Visa, etc.) to make payments in favor of services and so on); otherwise, any of the direct and indirect accused of counterparties site will be regarded as his partner. Under the eyes of this new law, merely to get on your wall a picture, document or video that has a copyright will be considered a crime. This bill was welcomed by the entertainment industry in the United States and members of both parties. The funny thing is that this kind of activity is man y times promoted by the entertainment industry itself since they are the same fans who virally promote their favorite artists through social networks. Supporters of the bill argue that it is necessary to maintain profit organizations, employment and intellectual property protection in their respective industries (movies, music, software, etc.), especially states that it will help deal effectively with services outside the U.S. outside their jurisdiction. According to them it provides a protection to the market for intellectual property, employment and income, and need to strengthen enforcement of copyright laws, especially against foreign Web sites. Alleging defects in existing laws do not include foreign sites owned and functioned, and cited examples of "active promotion of the websites

Homeland Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homeland Security - Assignment Example The need for enhanced air security was discussed and the result was the passing of the Aviation and Transport Security Act. This was passed to create transportation security administration. This outsourced to the private stakeholders in the field and it was aimed at ensuring that there was a synchronized security system that would not be beaten by terrorists. Passenger and luggage screening was enhanced and made more thorough at the airports to ensure that no weapon goes through unnoticed. Another notable change was in the government as many organizations sprouted while others reorganized themselves after the scare to be able to handle such cases better in the future. The passing of the Patriot Act was seen as a move to ensure that the people were living harmoniously and therefore preventing a repeat of the attack. In the immigration and tourism sector, a notable change was detected especially with the limiting of Visas given to citizens of various countries. Looking at the changes, it is evident that the attack enhanced the tightening of security in the various dockets that can be used to harbor criminals or let them into the United States. The security of a countries borders is very important when it comes to the safety of the citizens. It’s through the porous borders that criminals or counterfeit products and illegal goods are smuggled into the country. While dealing or discussing the issue of security it is important to look at the role of technology in ensuring that the borders are not porous and criminals are kept at bay. One of the important things to note is that the borders also act as important economic gateways between the retailers in the neighboring countries. Looking at the United States, the shared border with Canada and Mexico alone is about seven hundred miles.

Beowulf and The Modern Day Hero Essay Example for Free

Beowulf and The Modern Day Hero Essay A hero does something for the greater good of mankind. A hero is courageous and brave in any situation. Beowulf and Irena Sendler a social worker who smuggled over 2,500 Jewish out of harms way put their lives on the line to protect their mankind. While each warriors have their differences both believe in courage and triumphing over evil. In his final battle Beowulf goes up against a dragon that take a whole army to defeat. Caught up in his courageous high Beowulf does not realize the feat that lies ahead of him. Beowulf describes, â€Å"scant regard for the dragon as a threat, no dread at all of its courage or strength, for he kept going often in the past† (2348-2351). Beowulf is caught up in his past glories blinding him from the actualization of how dangerous the dragon is. Being courageous means one knows their limits. Irena Sendler knew that she could not act alone in rescuing over 2,500 innocent children. Ambulance drivers would transport children under the floorboards while police officers would be bribed to allow traffic through an underground corridor. Unlike Beowulf Irena knew that she needed help to sneak past the giant Nazi regime to rescue thousands of Jewish children. is not caught up in being labeled as a hero for risking her life to save over 2,500 innocent children. Beowulf states, â€Å"I have wrestled the hilt from the enemies’ hand, avenged the evil done to the Danes; it is what was due† (1668-1670) Beowulf fights for justice and to avenge those who have done wrong. By fighting for your beliefs Beowulf displays that you cannot terrorize without repercussions. In 1943 the Nazi party commenced a liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto. Irena believes, â€Å"Every child saved with my help and the help of all the wonderful secret messengers, who today are no longer living, is the justification of my existence on this earth, and not a title to glory.† Irena did not want the title of glory she only fought for her beliefs in a non-violent manner. Unlike Beowulf she did not need to go out and avenge the Nazis for their vile acts towards humanity. A hero is brave and will put their lives on the line to protect mankind. Beowulf and a Irena are courageous no matter how daunting each of their tasks were. A hero stands up for the greater good of people when he witnesses mankind being threatened. While a hero comes in all different ways both possess the same qualities. MLA Format HEVESI, DENNIS. Irena Sendler, Lifeline to Young Jews, Is Dead at 98. Nytimes.com. Nytimes.com, 13 May 2008. Web.

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Naturalism in Literature Naturalism is the literary movement that directly followed, and was born from, the Realistic Movement. Unlike Realism, which focused on the middle class, Naturalism focused on the lower class. The characters of naturalist writers were usually poor, disenfranchised, living in impoverished conditions and struggling to survive hardships. This is how naturalism is explained according to The American Novel, â€Å"While it is strongly associated with realism, in the shared emphasis on depicting surface reality, naturalism is more than a literary technique, involving as it does the philosophy of determinism. Naturalism is antiromantic in emphasizing the limited ability of humans to impose will upon their own destiny, and also in devaluing the imagination's embellishment of reality. For the naturalist, it is the duty of the writer to present to the reader reality without illusion, to offer a scientific, detached view of it rather than to adorn or mislead or simply please the reader† (Matterson). Naturalism also focuses on nature and how humans are subject to the laws on nature. Naturalists believed that circumstances were what controlled your life. The belief was that your environment is what determined the rest of your life or who or what would become of you. In Crane’s The Open Boat the story is a perfect model for naturalism because of the way it pessimistically depicts life. The four men in the story are at the mercy of the natural setting of the sea. Nature is portrayed as heartless and unsympathetic toward the circumstances of men. The characters of the story are not given supernatural powers to fight and win against nature as they would have been given in romanticism. The motif of the story seems to be ... ...y similarities. Both forms were reactions to and against Romanticism. They both try to simulate and parallel real life and both were to uncover and unmask the social ills and bigotries of society. These bigotries not only related to racial divides but also classism. Naturalism, which is an offshoot of Realism, focused more on the underprivileged and lower classes because Realism seemed to have left this group out. Naturalism also focused more on the power of nature and the environment, whereas Realism focused more on the characters. Naturalists often left their characters unnamed to ensure the focal point was the conditions or surroundings and not the people. Naturalisms themes are despair, cruelty of nature and how uncaring it is about people. The characters in naturalism often end up dying with lengthy periods of reflection of life before the death occurs.

Geology and Technology Essay

The field of geology helps us understand our surroundings on earth. The benefits of geology include how to protect our environment and supplies us with natural resources. Geology helps assist us in avoiding geologic hazards and is based on the scientific method. One of the great contributions to human understanding made by geology is the concept of the vastness of geologic time. None of these benefits could have ever been discovered or even thought of if science did not collide with technology. Science and technology are closely related to each other, and it seems like they are two major factors influencing the progress of our society. Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century science has been in progress. Some sectors that have been boosted by science and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology. A recently increasing challenge to the population of the world has been natural disasters. Natural disasters are consequences of the combination of a natural hazards and human populations. Natural hazards include earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, epidemic, and countless other natural processes that threaten population. Human vulnerability is caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, and leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The losses from disasters depend on the capacity of the population to resist the disaster. We directed our research toward an early warning system that could recognize natural disasters as soon as scientifically possible and spread that knowledge as quickly as possible in order to minimize loss to humans. Upon researching natural disaster alert systems, we came across an intriguing and promising global system of integrated observational systems of the Earth from regions all around the world. This system of the future has numerous capabilities. In the article, â€Å"New radar technology to boost accuracy, save lives,† the National Weather Service created a new radar technology after a record high of one thousand seven hundred and six tornadoes were confirmed in 2011. The new technology was created in a desperate attempt to save those who could be at risk for a natural disaster, after five hundred and fifty lives were taken due to natural disasters in 2011. The new radar equipment sends out horizontal and vertical sweeps, allowing forecasters to have a two dimensional look at severe weather. Dave Nadler, a warning coordination meteorologist from northern Alabama, says that the new technology allows weather service officials to get tornado warnings out much more accurately and much faster. (Blanton). Another technological advance that may save many lives is the LiDar, which is an instrument that can determine how an earthquake changes a landscape down to a few inches. The LiDar gives geologists insight into how earthquake faults behave, and may lead to geologists being able to predict an earthquake (Elliot). The remarkable development in space technology and its application during the last three decades have firmly established its immense potential for the development of the human society as a whole. Robert Jedicke did a study on asteroids in orbit around the sun. Jedicke knew that the asteroids orbiting around the sun mostly pass Earth very quickly. But, he discovered that there are some asteroids that move slowly, and often are captured by Earths gravity causing them to go into orbit around Earth. Jedicke used a computer program that calculated how many asteroids would be pulled into Earths orbit. He found that once every 100,000 years there is an asteroid the size of a football field that joins the other moons in Earths orbit. Another discovery that has been made in space because of technology is the possibility of life on Mars (Palca). The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed photographs of dried up flood plains and riverbeds on the planet, meaning that the water could have supported ancient life (Hadhazy). In London in 2012, the Natural History Museum received a meteorite that fell from Mars to Earth. Because of the space rock being so new, scientists have a much better chance of learning about the planet. Technology is so advanced today that we can determine what rock is most common to least common in the small portion of Mars (Chang). Since the art of making fire and creating handcrafted tools, our civilization has come a long way. Science and Technology are making advances at an amazing rate. From telephones to the Internet, calculators to computers, cars to rockets and satellites, we are submerged in a sea of discoveries and inventions made possible by Science. Fields like Medicine and communications have made inroads into our cultures and thus our lifestyles.

Case Study Sergeant Robert Christopher Essay

This report will be about a case study about Robert Christopher. He is a new supervisor on the night shift. He is having problems with the officer motivation and communication. This report will include information on how he can help to improve the officer’s motivation and the communication between him as the SGT. and the officers that he works with. At the end of this report, you will see what he did to help the officer to get motivated and to have beater communication. Sergeant Welsh should approach the problem of officer motivation by. Would, approach the problem of motivating buy going out and work with all the officers at least once every two weeks and work there beats with them and see what they go throw and help them and tray and make their job a little easier. It will also help with the communication with the officers and if they will be able to tack to you a little more because they know that you have been throw what they have. They way Sergeant welsh should go about determining the basic need drives of each officer is. That he needs to take some time to talk to them and see how the Sergeant Welsh can help with their basic need drives for the officer. The first thing that SGT. Walsh should do as a supervisor it that he needs meet the every officer that is under his command and introduce himself and get to Know the officers that he will be working with. Another than that he also should see if they have any concerns that they what to tell me so he can address them. The way that Sgt. Walsh should deal with the fact that while you have more experience, you have less formal education then the officers that you are working over. Let them not that he will do the best that he can and that it is not about what experience or how much education you have it is about who can do the job best. SGT. Walsh can also consider going back to college. If he das go back this will show the officers that he is working with that he is trying to be the best Supervisor he can. In addition, you are never too young or to olds to learn new stuff that will help you out in the field that you are working in and you are never too old to learn new stuff. It will show his officers that he is trying to learn what he can do so he can do the job to the best that he can. SGT. Walsh should interview each officer within the first month after he gets his new assignment. The interview with each officer will be a good then the officers will now that I can do the job. Therefore, he can get to know me and I can get to know them and how they do their job and he can find out what they expect of me and they can find out what SGT. Walsh will expect of them this will be done on a one on one basis. The topics that SGT. Walsh should discuss with each officer on a one on one with each officer is what you think that we can do as a tem to help out in the community that you are working in to help people that live there. The way SGT. Walsh should make this work place meaningful to the officers he will make it fun for them to come back and work and that they will be able to do their best at what they do.

The Evolving Concept of Success essayEssay Writing Service

The Evolving Concept of Success essayEssay Writing Service The Evolving Concept of Success essay The Evolving Concept of Success essayThe concept of success and the struggle for success became part of the idea of the American dream. However, the notion of success which is currently adopted by the society implies hardworking, making a lot of money, demonstrating wealth and power. The society assumes by default that such predominantly material values are common for everyone. Although it might be the dream life for some categories of people, there are also lots of people who arrive to other forms of success and choose their own routes. The main thesis of this paper is the following: success and happiness are individual concepts, and achieving personal success is hardly possible without failure.Zinsser (1970) in his essay The Right to Fail argues that the modern stereotypes about success are too strong and deprive the young people of the right to fail, to seek their own destiny through trial and error. Zinnser (n.d.) states: The right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this cou ntry does not grant its citizens (para. 3). This statement is especially actual for young people. Those who decide to leave college and to try other activities, be it volunteering, entrepreneurship or motherhood, are stigmatized as dropouts and losers. However, such strong social stereotypes prevent young people from searching their mission and the area that they can be successful in. For most people, it is not possible to find own calling from the first attempt; therefore, the right to fail is a necessary prerequisite for success.Furthermore, Zinnser reminds that History is strewn with eminent dropouts, loners who followed their own trail, not worrying about its odd twists and turns because they had faith in their own sense of direction (para. 6). There are numerous historical examples of dropouts who found their calling and reached success. Among the most successful dropouts there are Madonna, James Cameron, Tom Hanks, Oprah Winfrey, Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. The ir stories demonstrate the importance of recognizing own individuality and searching for own place in life. These examples reinforce the main thesis of this paper: failure is an inevitable component of success. Those who are afraid to fail cannot learn on their mistakes and therefore are not able to gain new experience.It should be also noted that the notion of success is very subjective and individual. In fact, new standards of success are emerging as younger generations protest against rigid lifestyle and choose to act in accordance with their values and talents, even though these actions do not lead to future wealth. Volunteers, missioners, educators there are many occupations which do not lead to riches. However, there is an increasing interest towards such activities among young people. According to Zinnser (1970), more than 3 million students would use the opportunity serve in the domestic Peace Corps. It is also important to note downshifting in this context: there are peopl e who reached success in the traditional understanding and then gave it up for less frantic and more fulfilling life. These examples clearly show that success is different, and each person should define the criteria of success independently.Such appreciation of failure and dropouts might cause certain refutations. One obvious refutation is that, despite many successful examples, there are a lot more examples of dropouts who ended up poorly. In this context, it is important not to mix genuine search of own calling with laziness and loafing. The core idea of the paper is that any person has the right to failure, the right to make errors and to be able to choose own destiny. The right to fail does not eliminate taking responsibility for own life.In general, Zinnsers essay brings up important questions of finding own place in life and defining the individual concept of happiness. The idea of happiness coined by the previous generations is centered around material values, wealth, power a nd stability. Younger people are challenging this concept by trying out new activities, new meanings and new occupations. It is essential to provide the right to fail to them so that they would be able to learn on these failures and to find the path to personal success.

Visit, To Visit, Visitor - Confusing French Pairs

Visit, To Visit, Visitor - Confusing French Pairs There are a number of French equivalents for the English verb  to visit  and nouns  visit  and  visitor. I.  To Visit Aller voir  is the most general French term - it literally means to go to see, and is used only when visiting people. A somewhat more formal verb used to indicate that you are visiting people is  rendre visite . Je vais voir Monique. Im going to see Monique. Elle va voir ses parents. Shes going to see her parents. Je rends visite Anne. Im visiting Anne. Nous rendons visite Luc. Were visiting Luc. Aller   is used when you are visiting a town, museum, or other attraction. A more formal verb for this is  visiter. Je suis all Versailles. I went to Versailles. Nous allons en Belgique. Were going to Belgium. Jai visit le Muse dOrsay. I visited the Orsay Museum. Il visite actuellement Cannes. Hes currently visiting Cannes. A formal visit, such as an inspection, is expressed with  inspecter  or  faire une visite dinspection. II.  Visit The word  visit  can be translated by une  visite  (a tour) or un  sà ©jour  (a stay with someone).   La visite du muse dure 15 minutes. The museum visit lasts 15 minutes. Son sjour chez nous durera 3 jours. His visit with us will last 3 days. III.  Visitor Une  visite  is the general term for a  visitor  who is visiting a person, while  un(e) invità ©(e)  refers to a guest at a home or party.  Un(e) client(e)  is at a hotel and un  visiteur  visits a museum or exhibition. Je nai pas beaucoup de visites. I dont get many visitors. Il y aura 100 invits la fte. There will be 100 guests at the party. Les clients cet htel sont riches ! This hotels visitors are rich! Le muse reoit 200 visiteurs par jour. The museum gets 200 visitors a day. IV. Summary Visiting a... Person  Place To visit  aller voir     aller rendre visite            Ã‚  visiter Visit   un sà ©jour       une visite Visitor  un invità ©      un clientune visite                     un visiteur

Engineers in the construction industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Engineers in the construction industry - Essay Example It is true that architects design for the safety of the building. Some architects even use previously used design specifications that have been observed to work. They simply copy and paste them in the new project. They see the design through the construction stage. They then walk home with the believe that the design shall work considering that it has been observed to work in the past. This is not necessarily true. Every building, even with the same design specifications, has its own individual challenges. There are no two geographical locations that are similar in all aspects. Each building has its own individual challenges during and after its construction. The architect ensures that all challenges and setbacks in construction are surmounted.   In this regard, buildings are not complete when the architect goes home.Buildings are consumed in two major ways; as residential premises or for commercial use. Residential buildings are designed to accommodate or house the owner of the bu ilding and his close associates. These associates might be family members, members of his work force or friends. The buildings could also be used to house the owner’s associates only. They do not attract any financial gain or profits directly.   The owner of the building just benefits from the fact that he gets sheltered with the building or at least his close associates or property does so. All buildings of this nature need to be designed in a way that human health is not compromised. They should be well ventilated, warm enough and well lit. Buildings can also be consumed for commercial gain. The owner of the building may or may not reside in it. Part or the whole of the building is intended for generating financial gain. The building might even house non living objects entirely. It is possible that no human being or even animal or plant

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example In light of this she is still to give recommendations to the senior management on where the ‘additional’ officers will be deployed. Kathy’s team members are aware of this move and as a result they are distressed: an aspect that as earlier stated is affecting their work performance a great deal. The main aim for Kathy is to ensure that the team members’ work performance is within acceptable levels especially during this transition period. This paper will use a leadership approach to come up with how best to solve the dilemma Kathy has. Leaders are supposed to always be able to ensure that things are done through influencing others. For a leadership process to be complete there has to be the leader followed by the task to handle and lastly the ones being led: termed as followers. Â  According to Stojkovic et al. (2008) a leader has to be visionary, good behaviour, be charismatic, have a trait and above all manifest a form of leadership style. Leaders in daily duties are faced with situations that force them to act in a certain manner. Situational variables dictate what to be done and at what time. Some of the situational factors that are of importance to consider are the style the leader opt, followers’ behaviours and capabilities among others. Contingency theories therefore play a key role in guiding leaders on how to lead more so depending on situational analysis. Contingency theories indicate that there is no particular style of leadership that can apply to any given situation. This clearly stipulates th at leaders’ approaches to a demanding situation will depend hugely on the dynamics that the situation poses. The same case applies to leaders themselves whereby if one fails to change with a situation then the chances of success in a volatile environment are slim. Decision making process is complex and can be made simple by a leader’s ability to appreciate change in the environment and by approaching

Generation X expatriates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Generation X expatriates - Essay Example ter displays the outcomes in a statistical measurement fashion, with some qualitative emphasis by way of a summary of the findings from the key informants, describing significant opinions and comments. The general analytical approach was used to analyse the interviews and descriptive statistical analysis was undertaken to identify survey outcomes. This approach has contributed to some noteworthy results on the topic of The Hidden Depths of Global Ambition. When the question was asked about the number of employees worked in the organizations of participants so there were 36% respondents who respond that there are over 1500 employee in their organization, 11% respond less than 50 employees they had in their organizations. When the question were asked to the respondents regarding their studies in abroad then there were 68% respondents who respond that they studied abroad and there were 32% respondents who respond that they didn’t studied abroad. In response of the question regarding time spent abroad, there were 41% respondents who respond that they spent about 5+years in abroad, 24% respond 2-5 years, 15% respond 1-2 years and there were 14% respondents who respond that they spent less than 1 year in abroad. When it was asked to the respondents that what motivates them to go abroad, then on the option of career advancement there were 67% respondents agreed that the career advancement motivates them to go abroad, 14% disagreed with it. When it was asked to the respondents that is the seeking better future is an important factor behind their abroad visit, 68% respondents agreed with this statement and there were 13% respondents disagreed with this statement. When it was asked to the respondents who didn’t go abroad that is the reason behind not going abroad was lack of job opportunities then from the 6 respondents there were 2 respondents disagreed with this statement and 4 respondents agreed with it. From 6 respondents there were 2 respondents respond

Do Endogenic Processes Influence Global Climate Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Do Endogenic Processes Influence Global Climate Systems Environmental Sciences Essay All processes that take place inside  Earth  (and other  planets) are considered endogenous. They make the  continents  migrate, push the  mountains  up, and trigger  earthquakes  and  volcanism. Endogenous processes are driven by the warmth that is produced in the core of Earth by  radioactivity  and  gravity. The geography and movement of tectonic plates is a key influence on global climate as it determines the form of the ocean basins, Patterns of heat ransfer in the oceans, large scale atmospheric circulation and the geometry of mountain chains. The movement and geometry of the lithospheric plates is a key long term influence on global climate and hea transfer and plae movements can be both vertical e.g the formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau or horizontal e.g sea floor spreading or the closing of the panama seaway and the development of the north atlantic gulf stream. Internal energy drives endogenic processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, seismicity. The geography of the tectonic plates is a key influence on a global climate, this influences: the form and size of the ocean basins and land masses, patterns of heat transfer in the oceans thermohaline circulation, large scale atmospheric circulation and vertical heat exchange, the location and elevation of mountain chains and plateaus, the amount of elevated crust. The formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau that began 52 to 44ma key events that led to a step change in the climate system and long term global cooling. Horizontal crustal movement the closing of the panama seaway around 4 ma and the development of the north atlantic gulf stream taking warm water to higher latitudes a key factor in the formation of ice sheets in the northern hemisphere. The closing of the panama seaway around 4ma and the development of the north atlantic gulf stream taking warm water to higher latitudes. The movement and geometry of the lithospheric plates is a key longterm influence on global climate and heat transfer, vertical crustal movements are most rapid at plate boundaries and we will be exploring their potential impact on weathering rates and carbon cycle. Location and elevation of mountain chains and high plateau landscapes across the earths surface is a key influence on climate over a range of timescales. The essay is about the last 65 million years, so the Big Bang theory is not really relevant. You need a nice range of examples to show how endogenic processes can influence global climate (long and short term). We covered some in the lectures (i.e. vertical and horizonatal crustal movements). We did not really look at volcanic processes, but you need to mention them too (short and longterm impacts) we mentioned other controls too (not related to endogenic processes) so you can mention them briefly to round things off. When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines June 15, 1991, an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and ash particles blasted more than 12 miles (20 km) high into the atmosphere. The eruption caused widespread destruction and loss of human life. Gases and solids injected into the stratosphere circled the globe for three weeks. Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earths surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns. The extent to which this occurs is an ongoing debate.  Large-scale volcanic activity may last only a few days, but the massive outpouring of gases and ash can influence climate patterns for years. Sulfuric gases convert to sulfate aerosols, sub-micron droplets containing about 75 percent sulfuric acid. Following eruptions, these aerosol particles can linger as long as three to four years in the stratosphere. Major eruptions alter the Earths radiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of the incoming solar radiation, an effect known as radiative forcing that can last from two to three years following a volcanic eruption. Volcanic eruptions cause short-term climate changes and contribute to natural climate variability, says Georgiy Stenchikov, a research professor with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University. Exploring effects of volcanic eruption allows us to better understand important physical mechanisms in the climate system that are initiated by volcanic forcing. Stenchikov and Professor Alan Robock of Rutgers University with Hans Graf and Ingo Kirchner of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology performed a series of climate simulations that combined volcanic aerosol observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) available from the Langley DAAC, with Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) data from the Goddard Space Flight Center DAAC. The research team ran a general circulation model developed at the Max Planck Institute with and without Pinatubo aerosols for the two years following the Pinatubo eruption. To study the sensitivity of climate response to sea surface temperature, using data from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory DAAC, they conducted calculations with climatologically mean sea surface temperature, as well as with those observed during particular El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a periods. By comparing the climate simulations from the Pinatubo eruption, with and without aerosols, the researchers found that the climate model calculated a general cooling of the global troposphere, but yielded a clear winter warming pattern of surface air temperature over Northern Hemisphere continents. The temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere increased by 4 Kelvin (4 °C) because of aerosol absorption of terrestrial longwave and solar near-infrared radiation. The model demonstrated that the direct radiative effect of volcanic aerosols causes general stratospheric heating and tropospheric cooling, with a tropospheric warming pattern in the winter. The modeled temperature change is consistent with the temperature anomalies observed after the eruption, Stenchikov says. The pattern of winter warming following the volcanic eruption is practically identical to a pattern of winter surface temperature change caused by global warming. It shows that volcanic aerosols force fundamental climate mechanisms that play an important role in the global change process. This temperature pattern is consistent with the existence of a strong phase of the Arctic Oscillation, a natural pattern of circulation in which atmospheric pressure at polar and middle latitudes fluctuates, bringing higher-than-normal pressure over the polar region and lower-than-normal pressure at about 45 degrees north latitude. It is forced by the aerosol radiative effect, and circulation in winter is stronger than the aerosol radiative cooling that dominates in summer. Man-made, or anthropogenic emissions can make the consequences of volcanic eruptions on the global climate system more severe, Stenchikov says. For instance, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere start a chain of chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces that destroy ozone molecules in the mid-latitude stratosphere, intensifying observed stratospheric ozone depletion. While we have no observations, the 1963 Agung eruption on the island of Bali probably did not deplete ozone as there was little atmospheric chlorine in the stratosphere. In 1991 after the Pinatubo eruption, when the amount of CFCs in the stratosphere increased, the ozone content in the mid-latitudes decreased by 5 percent to 8 percent, affecting highly populated regions, says Stenchikov. NASA and the National Science Foundation have funded Robock and Stenchikov to study the Pinatubo eruption in more detail, and to conduct another model comparison with the volcanic aerosol data set. They plan to combine SAGE II data with available lidar and satellite data from various DAACs to improve their existing data set. By understanding the impact of large volcanic eruptions on Earths climate system in more detail, perhaps scientists will be in a better position to suggest measures to lessen their effects on people and natural resources. Both technological change and economic growth are seen as major determinants of future global energy demand levels, the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and global climate impacts Until recently, however, the modelling of energy-economy-climate interactions has largely regarded technological progress as an exogenous process, rather than as endogenous technological change. Energy Economics Volume 24, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 1-19 a momentary glance at a map of the world today to realise that the disposition of the continents has a marked effect on both local and global climate. Not the least of these effects results from the difference in the thermal properties of land versus ocean a continental region will be colder in winter and warmer in summer than an oceanic region at any given latitude. Moreover mountain belts formed as a consequence of plate tectonic activity dramatically modify rainfall through the effects of  orography   the development of a rain shadow on the leeward side of mountain belts. Global climate is also strongly controlled by ocean currents. For example, northwestern Europe is significantly warmer than other regions at similar latitudes because of the warming effects of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift. The reversal of oceanic currents in the equatorial Pacific a phenomenon known as El Nià ±o has a far-reaching effect on climate around the Pacific. Ocean currents depend on the geometry of the oceans and this is controlled by plate tectonics. Hence, over geological timescales the movement of plates and continents has a profound effect on the distribution of land masses, mountain ranges and the connectivity of the oceans. As a consequence, plate tectonics has a very direct and fundamental influence on global climate. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=172207 The climate of modern Antarctica is extreme. Located over the South Pole and in total darkness for six months of the year, the continent is covered by glacial ice to depths in excess of 3 km in places. Yet this has not always been the case. 50 Ma ago, even though Antarctica was in more or less the same position over the pole, the climate was much more temperate there were no glaciers and the continent was covered with lush vegetation and forests. So how did this extreme change come about? The modern climate of Antarctica depends upon its complete isolation from the rest of the planet as a consequence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely encircles Antarctica and gives rise to the stormy region of the Southern Ocean known as the roaring forties. The onset of this current is related to the opening of seaways between obstructing continents. Antarctica and South America were once joined together as part of Gondwana and were the last parts of this original supercontinent to separate. By reconstructing continental positions from magnetic and other features of the sea floor in this region, geologists have shown that the Drake Passage opened in three phases between 50 Ma and 20 Ma, as illustrated in Figure 32. At 50 Ma there was possibly a shallow seaway between Antarctica and South America, but both continents were moving together. At 34 Ma the seaway was still narrow, but differential movement between the Antarctic and South American Plates created a deeper c hannel between the two continents that began to allow deep ocean water to circulate around the continent. Finally, at 20 Ma there was a major shift in local plate boundaries that allowed the rapid development of a deep-water channel between the two continental masses. The coincidence of the change in motion of the Pacific Plate with changes in plate motions between S. America and Antarctica shows how the motions of all the plates are interconnected a change in the true motion of one plate leads to changes in the true motions of many others. While these plate motions were taking place the effect on Antarctica was profound. By 34 Ma the climate cooled from the temperate conditions that previously existed. This was sufficient for glaciers to begin their advance, and was followed by a period of continued cooling until at about 20 Ma, glaciation was complete. Even though the Drake Passage first opened at 50 Ma it was not until it opened to deep water at 34 Ma that glaciation really took hold Today, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the strongest deep ocean current and its strength is responsible for the icehouse climate that grips the planet. The opening of the Drake Passage had both a local and a global effect, initially cooling the climate of Antarctica from temperate to cold and ultimately playing an important role in the change from global greenhouse conditions 50 Ma ago to the global icehouse of today. This example shows how plate tectonics, continental drift and the opening and closing of seaways can have a profound influence on both local and global climate. Throughout the Phanerozoic there were long periods when the Earth was much warmer than today often called a greenhouse climate and other times when it was cold called an icehouse climate. These cycles, like the Wilson cycle, occur over periods of 100 Ma, reflecting the timescale of plate movements and the growth and destruction of oceans. Given the clear link between ocean circulation and climate, and the similar timescales of global climate change and plate motions, it is inescapable that one of the chief controls on long-term changes in the global climate must be plate tectonics. Every two to seven years a climatic disturbance brings floods to California, droughts to Australia, and famine to Africa . Known as El Nino, it is essentially a warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific near the equator. Although scientists understand the mechanics of El Nino, its origins have yet to be determined. Most believe that the interaction between the atmosphere and the sea somehow generates this climatic disturbance that wreaks havoc upon those regions of the world that lie in its path. But now a new theory on the origins of El Nino has been proposed and, surprisingly, it has very little to do with the atmosphere or the sea. The new theory suggests that the primary mover behind El Nino is hot magma welling up between tectonic plates on the Pacific sea-floor. The upwelling magma heats the overlying waters enough to affect the ocean surface, initiating the cascade of events that brings on the wrath of El Nino. Volcanic Ash Eruptions, like that pictured above, throw tons of ash into the atmosphere, and have short term affects of the climate. If the eruption is potent enough, the ash will stop some of the shortwave radiation coming in from the Sun. This, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the global temperature. The reason for this is that the shortwave radiation that comes in from the Sun and reaches the Earths surface, gets absorbed in the the Earth. About 4 to 6 hours later, the Earth reradiates that energy in the form of longwave radiation. This is where the temperature comes from. So if some of the sunlight is shut off, then this will lead to a decrease the global temperature. With the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 (image above), about 22 million tons of ash was thrown into the atmosphere. This was enough to block a fraction of the sunlight from reaching the Earths surface, which cooled the global temperature on Earth by as much as 0.5 degrees C. The most powerful eruption in recorded his tory, the eruption of the Tambora Volcano in Indonesia in April of 1815, threw up so much ash that the global temperature on Earth fell by as much as 3 degrees C. Europe and North America know this time as the year without a summer. The volcanic ash does not keep the temperatures down for a very long period of time geologically speaking, so its impacts are on a short term basis. Rain-Shadow Effect The long term impacts of volcanoes come from a look at simple geography. Volcanoes are gigantic mountains, so their affect on climate is the same as a normal mountain. This leads to the rain-shadow effect (explained in the  Continental Movement  section), which comes into play with volcanoes just as it does with mountain building. Until that volcano can be eroded away, it will continue to have some sort of impact on climate. This can last for thousands of years. Volcanoes have quite a bit of affect on climate. And this affect can be rather short term (volcanic ash) or long term (rain-shadow effect) in nature. Again biology can be affected by this too. For example, a desert area may quickly develop on the leeward side of a new volcano. If life is not able to adjust, extinction will become a significant threat. http://www.djburnette.com/projects/volcanoes.html

Solomon vs. Socrates :: essays research papers

Solomon vs. Socrates: what they thought wisdom was, where it came from, and how it was taught. Solomon and Socrates are thought of as the wisest men in history. Solomon was a man of God who wrote Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Songs of Songs in the Bible. The great philosopher, Socrates, lived in the Classical Age of Greece. Their styles of teaching and perspectives on wisdom were very different, but they did have their similarities. While Solomon and Socrates had the same perspective on what wisdom was, they had contrasting understandings on where it came from. Solomon’s definition of wisdom was the knowledge of making wise choices. Proverbs 1:2-3 says, Wisdom is instruction in wise dealings with others. Wisdom is instruction in righteousness, knowing the difference between good and evil. Wisdom is instruction in justice, knowing how to do what is right. It is the simple learning shrewdness so that they are not taken advantage of. It is the young learning knowledge and prudence. For both the young and the old it is an increase in skill, understanding and knowledge. In Proverbs, he was trying to show his readers how to make wise choices. All of what Solomon wrote came straight from God, and he believed that the only way that anyone could get wisdom was if they got it from God. 1 Kings 3: 5-13 says, In Gibeon the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. And Solomon said, Thou hast showed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou has  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  t kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. And now, O LORD my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my father: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. Give therefore thy servant an understanding heart to judge thy people, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a people? And the speech pleased the Lord, that Solomon had asked this thing.

Internet and Privacy Essay

There has been a lot of controversy about the internet and its privacy. Today, some say you have no privacy with anything you do on the web. They say that the government is taking away the public’s privacy because they can monitor everything that happens on the internet. Even though most of this is true, there are plenty of good things to come from it. In this essay I will be writing about the internet and its privacy. The lack of privacy that comes with technology and the internet can and has prevented a lot of crimes to occur. It has made credit card fraud, once an easy crime much harder to get away with. They know what you’re buying schedule is like, so if someone steals your card and tries to buy something that is not something you would normally buy, you will get an alert about it. Security cameras at stores and ATM’s prevent a lot of robberies from occurring. The government states that the main reason why they monitor just about everything on the internet is to try and catch terrorist attacks before they happen. They have said that some of the terrorist plane hijackings could have been prevented if they had the internet security that they do now. Of all the good things that come with the internet, there are also some drawbacks that can be dangerous. There is just as much false information on the internet as there is true information. Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. They can also create viruses to steal personal valuable data such as identity theft. There are also people called â€Å"predators† that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspected people into dangerous situations. People can get addicted to the internet which can cause problems with interacting with their friends and family. As it is stated in What Matters in America, â€Å"Like any space where people gather, the virtual world is not immune to the same set of troubles we face in real life. Teens and children can be targeted be sexual predators. Kids can â€Å"cyber bully† classmates, carrying the tortures of the playground onto cell phones and computer screens at home. Illicit romances and online flirting may be taken beyond laptops, ruining relationships and destroying marriages. And, of course, cybercrime is ever present, seeking log in numbers, financial data, and credit card information†. (22) Privacy has become a big question in today’s society with all this new technology and the internet. The internet might be more secure today from hackers and viruses but we don’t really have any privacy on the web. Every purchase we make on the internet can be tracked by the government. They can also track almost every phone call that is made. The internet has become more convenient to use than it ever has been. You can perform just about any task you want with a couple mouse clicks. Your computer can remember everything you do on the internet. It will save all the sites you have been to, what you have downloaded, what you have bought online, and can even save your credit card information. When online you will see recommended web sites based on what you normally do online and even on certain sites there will be recommended products that are similar from what you have purchased before. All this personal information can be easily looked at by the government or even professional hackers. Is our privacy really being invaded or are we just putting this information out there? People say that the government is invading the public’s privacy. They say that they shouldn’t be allowed to monitor the internet. I don’t believe our privacy is being invaded because no one forces you to put this information online, even though it is hard not to in today’s society. In What Matters in America, David Plotz states, â€Å"Real privacy is what allows us to share hopes, dreams, fantasies, fears, and makes us feel we can safely expose all our faults and quirks and still be loved. Privacy is the space between us and our dearest, where everything is known and does not matter. † (70) With all this advanced technology on the internet, we need the government to monitor it or else there would be a huge amount of criminal activity and the internet would not be safe.

Pathos

â€Å"Emotional appeals (sometimes called appeals to pathos) are powerful tools for influencing what people think and believe† (Everything’s an argument 38). There are many methods that can be used to create an emotional connection with people. In the story called â€Å"The F word† by Firoozeh Dumas, the author use humor to emotionally connect the readers to her story. In some instances when writers want to get a deeper message across to the audiences they use a sadder approach. In the commercial by AT&T, they try to get the message across texting and driving and the serious consequences.A good method that some authors use to get the attention and achieve a connection with the audience is by using humor. In the story called â€Å"The F Word,† the author, Firoozeh Dumas, talks about her experience growing up in American with an Iranian name that was very difficult for people to say. She goes to talk about how it was more of a struggle fitting in with her na me than anything else. â€Å"All of us immigrants knew that moving to America would be fraught with challenges, but none of us thought that our names would be such an obstacle. (Firoozeh Dumas 751) Being so fed up with the name butchering, she decides to change her name to a much easier American name, Julie. She goes by the name of Julie for a while then decides to go back to Firoozeh. She mentions in the book that after a while she stopped caring about what people call her and responds to just about any name that begins with an F (Firoozeh Dumas 754). Dumas was successful in getting her story across to the readers and many people in this country can relate to this story coming from a different country with a long or difficult name to say.To get a message across or create awareness, some authors and the media like to use more of a deeper more relatable approach, by having people talk about their life experiences, putting up graphic pictures, even show the tragedy that is occurring because of something. In the T. V. ad by AT&T, they raise awareness of the dangers of texting while driving. In the commercial, it had one word show up in the beginning that said, â€Å"Yeah,† and you hear the voice of a girl saying, â€Å"This is the text my sister was reading from me when she crashed her car and died. It was a quick sixteen second commercial, but it was a successful way of using pathos and good message to get across to the audience with a deep emotional connection. This shows that your life can change because of a simple message and affect those who love you. It can be very relatable to those younger drivers and even parents that like to use their cell phones while driving. Pathos is used when writers or even the media want to gain an emotional connection to their audiences and use emotional appeals to influence them. In â€Å"The ‘F’ Word,† by Firoozeh Dumas, she uses humor to connect her story to her audiences.It was a very relatable story and was a good example of using pathos. Another successful form of pathos was in an advertisement by AT&T about texting and driving. It was a sad form of pathos but it was a good message to get across to the audiences that drive and like to use their cell phones. The use of pathos is widely used to influence and draw an emotional appeal to the readers. Some are successful with it and others fail to gain a connection. The story of Dumas and the advertisement by AT&T were both successful with the use of pathos.

Human-Environment Interaction Essay Example

Human Human-Environment Interaction Paper Human-Environment Interaction Paper They interact with the environment by adjusting to climate conditions and by making active changes to places around them. Let us explore what had happened when an area called Woodside was discovered by new Americans, and what Human-Environmental Interactions were initiated by the humans there. Woodside is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens, which is located in New York City. It shares borders with the towns of Astoria, Masters, Sundered, Elmhurst and Jackson Heights. The first settlers that came to Woodside in 18th century were farmers. They discovered that he sloping grounds and the climate conditions in the area were appropriate for growing crops and raising cattle. Lots of trees had to be taken down to make room for farm land. Destruction of wooded areas, created by humans, contributed to the extinction of wild life as a direct result of a natural habitat loss. At first, Woodside was a swamp in the 17th and 1 8th centuries. Later, in the 19th century settlers drained the land. The environment influenced humans by the gravity by keeping everything and us on the ground, instead of floating in the air. The storms in Woodside created blackouts and loss of power and internet. In the second part of 19th century Woodside environment took another significant change due to a large residential development. Rows of houses were built, destroying more trees and fertile soil, to accommodate new comers: families of Irish Americans. By the sass about eighty present (%) of the neighborhood population were Irish. During the 20th century farms were quickly disappearing as roads, train tracks, schools, churches, stores, and commercial buildings were erected. Less space was left for parks and green grass to grow. Some private houses were taken down to accommodate apartment buildings, making the area to be even more populated. The new people that arrived in bigger numbers and different diversities (Italians, Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Latino, Indians, Bangladesh and Pakistanis) were settling in Woodside and were attracted by the close proximity to Manhattan, availability of jobs at factories and the well- developed transportation routes. The amount of busses and cars needed to eve people around had to grow as well, which contributed to air pollution with toxic fumes. The Woodside that we know today is a vibrant community with many cultures mixed together. People of the neighborhood have to learn the importance of human interaction with the environment. They have to be more responsible and take actions to reduce negative impacts on the community by consuming less, recycling, choosing cleaner fuels to fill cars and heat homes, planting more trees. Each of us by contributing a small part can help to build a better and cleaner future for all, who call Woodside home.